![]() ![]() The recent sequencing and identification of abundant DNA variants for the bovine genome have significantly facilitated the analysis of genetic divergence between cattle breeds. The Cholistani breed is renowned for its remarkable tolerance to heat and resistance to ticks and diseases. Holstein and Jersey are two common taurine dairy breeds predominantly found in Europe and North America, and Chlolistani is an indicine dual-purpose (dairy and meat) breed found in the Cholistan desert region in Pakistan where annual rainfall averages at 180 cm and mean temperature is 28.3☌. In this study, the transcriptomes of three cattle breeds were investigated. In particular, they differ remarkably in their resistance to thermal stress, parasites, and diseases. There exists substantial phenotypic difference between taurine and indicine cattle. The indicine ( Bos indicus or Bos taurus indicus) breeds are of South Asian origin and evolved in warm tropical climates. ![]() The taurine ( Bos taurus) breeds, originating primarily from Europe and the northern parts of Asia, are adapted to temperate climates. There are two major types of modern cattle breeds which diverged 610,000–850,000 years ago. This study provided a high-resolution survey of the variation between bovine transcriptomes at different levels and may provide important biological insights into the phenotypic differentiation among cattle breeds. At the post-transcriptional level, sequencing mRNA allowed us to identify a number of genes undergoing differential alternative splicing among different breeds. We identified gene ontology pathways that were systematically altered, including the electron transport chain and immune response pathways that may contribute to different levels of heat tolerance and disease resistance in taurine and indicine breeds. Differential gene expression analysis showed a high similarity between Holstein and Jersey, and a much greater difference between the taurine breeds and the indicine breed. At the transcriptional level, we assembled transcripts and estimated their abundances including those from more than 3,000 unannotated intergeneic regions. Among 7,793,425 coding bases, only 165 differed between Holstein and Jersey, and 3,383 (0.04%) differed between Holstein and Cholistani, 817 (25%) of which resulted in amino acid changes in 627 genes. At the genomic level, we identified breed-specific base changes in protein coding regions. In this study, mRNA-Seq was used to characterize and compare the leukocyte transcriptomes from two taurine breeds (Holstein and Jersey), and one indicine breed (Cholistani).
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